Abstract
Background
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) has significant repercussions for one health and the global livestock industry. Understanding its global seroprevalence is crucial for informed decision-making and management strategies. The systematic review aims to determine the overall seroprevalence of BLV in cattle.
Methods
A literature search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, up to January 03, 2024. Studies that tested cattle samples for BLV were included if they reported the total number of tested samples and the number of positive samples. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on the type of testing method and type of cattle. R version 4.3 was utilized for statistical analysis.
Results
From the 48 studies included, 101,120 samples were tested, revealing a pooled prevalence of 26.8% (95% CI: 20.0% – 33.0%) for BLV in cattle with an I2=100%. Subgroup analysis based on the type of testing or country did not show any difference in prevalence. Of the studies, thirty focused on dairy cattle samples. A meta-analysis of these samples, drawn from a total of 75,769 dairy cattle, revealed a prevalence of 28% (95% CI: 19% – 39%) with an I² of 100%.
Conclusion
A significant prevalence of BLV in cattle was detected, emphasizing the need for comprehensive management strategies. Future research should thoroughly explore BLV infections, considering its effects on livestock and human health.
Keywords:
one health , seroprevalence, systematic review, global health, bovine leukemia virusReferences
Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, et al. Bovine leukaemia virus: Current epidemiological circumstance and future prospective. Viruses. 2021;13(11):2167.
Nikbakht Brujeni G, Ghorbanpour R, Esmailnejad A. Association of BoLA-DRB3. 2 alleles with BLV infection profiles (persistent lymphocytosis/lymphosarcoma) and lymphocyte subsets in Iranian Holstein cattle. Biochem Genet. 2016;54:194-207.
Kumar P, Suresh V, Saravanan PB, Kumar A. Battling Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Unraveling Zoonotic Transmission - A One Health Perspective. The Evidence. 2023;1(2).
Martin F, Bangham CR, Ciminale V, Lairmore MD, Murphy EL, Switzer WM, et al. Conference highlights of the 15th international conference on human retrovirology: HTLV and related retroviruses, 4-8 june 2011, Leuven, Gembloux, Belgium. Retrovirology. 2011;8(1):1-15.
Frie MC, Coussens PM. Bovine leukemia virus: a major silent threat to proper immune responses in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2015;163(3-4):103-14.
Benitez OJ, LaDronka RM, Norby B, Grooms DL, Bartlett PC. The effect of bovine leukemia virus on dairy cow longevity. JDS Commun. 2022;3(3):185-8.
Benitez OJ, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Maeroff JE, Grooms DL. Impact of bovine leukemia virus infection on beef cow longevity. Prev Vet Med. 2020;181:105055.
Şevik M, Avcı O, İnce ÖB. An 8-year longitudinal sero-epidemiological study of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle in Turkey and analysis of risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015;47(4):715-20.
Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Dargatz DA. Bovine leukemia virus seroprevalence among cattle presented for slaughter in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2017;29(5):704-6.
Benitez OJ, Roberts JN, Norby B, Bartlett PC, Takeshima S-N, Watanuki S, et al. Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254(11):1335-40.
Chen Y-C, Chin W-Y, Chang C-C, Chuang S-T, Hsu W-L. Potential Risk Factors Associated with Infection with Bovine Leukaemia Virus in Dairy and Beef Cattle in Taiwan. Pathogens. 2021;10(12):1553.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906.
Langan D, Higgins JP, Jackson D, Bowden J, Veroniki AA, Kontopantelis E, et al. A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random‐effects meta‐analyses. Res Synth Methods. 2019;10(1):83-98.
Gandhi AP, Shamim MA, Padhi BK. Steps in undertaking meta-analysis and addressing heterogeneity in meta-analysis. The Evidence. 2023;1(1):44-59.
IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2016;6(7):e010247.
Shamim MA, Gandhi AP, Dwivedi P, Padhi BK. How to perform meta-analysis in R: A simple yet comprehensive guide. The Evidence. 2023;1(1):60-80.
Brujeni GN, Poorbazargani TT, Nadin-Davis S, Tolooie M, Barjesteh N. Bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus and their mixed infection in Iranian Holstein cattle. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;4(09):576-9.
Esmailnejad A, Najafi H, Torfi Y. Molecular and Serological Evaluation of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Water Buffaloes of Southern Iran. Iran J Vet Med. 2020;14(1).
Kazemimanesh M, Madadgar O, Steinbach F, Choudhury B, Azadmanesh K. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in various regions of Iran. J Gen Virol. 2019;100(9):1315-27.
Morovati H, Shirvani E, Noaman V, Lotfi M, Kamalzadeh M, Hatami A, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle in Isfahan Province, Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2012;44:1127-9.
Mousavi S, Haghparast A, Mohammadi G, Tabatabaeizadeh S-E, editors. Prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in the northeast of Iran. Veterinary research forum: an international quarterly journal; 2014: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Nekoei S, Hafshejani TT, Doosti A, Khamesipour F. Molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in peripheral blood of Iranian cattle, camel and sheep. Pol J Vet Sci. 2015.
Cockerell GL, Jensen WA, Rovnak J, Ennis WH, Gonda MA. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and bovine leukemia virus in a dairy cattle herd. Vet Microbiol. 1992;31(2-3):109-16.
Huser SM, Larson RL, Taxis TM, Almaraz JM, Reif KE, Weaver B, et al. Cross-sectional study to describe bovine leukemia virus herd and within-herd ELISA prevalence and bovine leukemia virus proviral load of convenience-sampled Kansas beef cow-calf herds. Am J Vet Res. 2022;1(aop):1-7.
Yang Y, Kelly PJ, Bai J, Zhang R, Wang C. First molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus infections in the Caribbean. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0168379.
Hirai N, Kabeya H, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M. Detection of antibodies against bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in daily cattle in Hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci. 1996;58(5):455-7.
Meas S, Kabeya H, Yoshihara S, Ohashi K, Matsuki S, Mikami Y, et al. Seroprevalence and field isolation of bovine immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Med Sci. 1998;60(11):1195-202.
Murakami K, Kobayashi S, Konishi M, Kameyama K-i, Yamamoto T, Tsutsui T. The recent prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection among Japanese cattle. Vet Microbiol. 2011;148(1):84-8.
Murakami K, Kobayashi S, Konishi M, Kameyama K-i, Tsutsui T. Nationwide survey of bovine leukemia virus infection among dairy and beef breeding cattle in Japan from 2009–2011. J Vet Med Sci. 2013;75(8):1123-6.
Castillo Rey D, López-Herrera A, Úsuga-Monroy C. Molecular prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus in specialized dairies in the department of Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Fac Nac Agron Medellin. 2023;76(2):10393-401.
Corredor-Figueroa AP, Salas S, Olaya-Galán NN, Quintero JS, Fajardo Á, Soñora M, et al. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus in Colombian cattle. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;80:104171.
Olaya-Galán NN, Corredor-Figueroa AP, Velandia-Álvarez S, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Fonseca-Ahumada N, Nuñez K, et al. Evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in sheep and buffaloes in Colombia: insights into multispecies infection. Arch Virol. 2022;167(3):807-17.
Metwally S, Hamada R, Ali AO, Mahmoud HY, Baker NM, Mohamed AE, et al. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in beef cattle presented for slaughter in Egypt. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(11):1676-84.
Selim A, Marawan MA, Ali A-F, Manaa E, AbouelGhaut HA. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in cattle, buffalo, and camel in Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52:1207-10.
Selim A, Megahed AA, Kandeel S, Abdelhady A. Risk factor analysis of bovine leukemia virus infection in dairy cattle in Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;72:101517.
Selim A, Manaa EA, Alanazi AD, Alyousif MS. Seroprevalence, risk factors and molecular identification of bovine leukemia virus in Egyptian cattle. Animals. 2021;11(2):319.
Ma J-G, Zheng W-B, Zhou D-H, Qin S-Y, Yin M-Y, Zhu X-Q, et al. First report of bovine leukemia virus infection in yaks (Bos mutus) in China. BioMed Res Int. 2016;2016.
Sun W-W, Lv W-F, Cong W, Meng Q-F, Wang C-F, Shan X-F, et al. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and bovine leukemia virus seroprevalence and associated risk factors in commercial dairy and beef cattle in northern and northeastern China. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015.
Yang Y, Fan W, Mao Y, Yang Z, Lu G, Zhang R, et al. Bovine leukemia virus infection in cattle of China: association with reduced milk production and increased somatic cell score. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99(5):3688-97.
Yang Y, Chen L, Dong M, Huang W, Hao X, Peng Y, et al. Molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus reveals existence of genotype 4 in Chinese dairy cattle. Virol J. 2019;16(1):1-7.
Yu C, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Genotyping bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle of Heilongjiang, northeastern China. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15:1-9.
Uysal A, Yilmaz H, Bilal T, Berriatua E, Bakirel U, Arslan M, et al. Seroprevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis in Trakya district (Marmara region) in Turkey. Prev Vet Med. 1998;37(1-4):121-8.
Hsieh J-C, Li C-Y, Hsu W-L, Chuang S-T. Molecular epidemiological and serological studies of bovine leukemia virus in Taiwan dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci. 2019;6:427.
Khan MF, Siddique U, Shah AA, Khan I, Anwar F, Ahmad I, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in cattle from the North West of Pakistan. Pak Vet J. 2019;40(1):127-9.
Ramiz RM, Ahmad A, Ghafoor A, Avais M, Iqbal MZ. Genotype Detection and Sero-prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus along with Associated Risk Factors in Exotic and Local Breeds of Cattle in and Around Lahore, Punjab. Pak J Zool. 2021;53(3).
Le DT, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Okamoto M, Nguyen SV, Nguyen NH, Sugiura K, et al. Detection and genotyping of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in Vietnamese cattle. J Vet Med Sci. 2020;82(7):1042-50.
Le DT, Nguyen SV, Okamoto M, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Dao TD, Bui VN, et al. Molecular characterization of bovine foamy virus and its association with bovine leukemia virus infection in Vietnamese cattle. J Vet Med Sci. 2021;83(8):1273-7.
Cho K-O, Meas S, Park N-Y, Kim Y-H, Lim Y-K, Endoh D, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy and beef cattle herds in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 1999;61(5):549-51.
Evermann J, DiGiacomo R, Huber N. Prevalence of bovine leukemia virus antibody in seven herds of Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;177(6):549-50.
Katoch S, Dohru S, Sharma M, Vashist V, Chahota R, Dhar P, et al. Seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases among the bovines in Himachal Pradesh, India. Vet World. 2017;10(12):1421.
Kaura H, Hübschle O. The occurrence of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in Namibia--an epidemiological study. DTW. 1994;101(2):66-7.
Khudhair YI, Hasso SA, Yaseen NY, Al-Shammari AM. Serological and molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle in Iraq. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016;5(1):1-6.
López R, Suzuki K, González ET, Ruiz G, Loza A, Coca C, et al. Seroprevalence against bovine leukaemia virus in dairy cattle in Bolivia. Int J Dairy Sci. 2010;5.
Meas S, Nakayama M, Usui T, Nakazato Y, Yasuda J, Ohashi K, et al. Evidence for bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in cattle in Zambia. Jpn J Vet Res. 2004;52(1):3-8.
Pereira JG, Silva CdA, Silva LD, Lima CAA, do Rosário CJRM, Silva EMC, et al. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9:1080994.
Polat M, Ohno A, Takeshima S-n, Kim J, Kikuya M, Matsumoto Y, et al. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in Philippine cattle. Arch Virol. 2015;160:285-96.
Porta NG, Suarez-Archilla G, Miotti C, Molineri AI, Alvarez I, Trono K, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine Leukemia virus infection in argentine beef cattle. Res Vet Sci. 2023;164:104999.
VanLeeuwen JA, Forsythe L, Tiwari A, Chartier R. Seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J. 2005;46(1):56.
Khatami A, Pormohammad A, Farzi R, Saadati H, Mehrabi M, Kiani SJ, et al. Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV) and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Infect Agents Cancer. 2020;15:1-8.
Mendoza W, Isaza JP, López L, López-Herrera A, Gutiérrez LA. Bovine leukemia virus detection in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Virus Res. 2023;335:199186.
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ganesh Bushi, Sai Mahesh Vajjala, Furqan B. Irfan, Dipanshu Aggarwal, Safayet Jamil, Drishti Sagar, Alwin Kurian Raju, Mithun Mohan George, Aditi Pal, Preetha S, Ali A. Rabaan, Muhammed Shabil
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright© by the author(s). Published by the Evidence Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Muhammed Shabil, Ganesh Bushi, Aarti Yadav, Mohammed Ahmed, Jugal Kishore, Sarath Lekamwasam, Ashish Joshi, Effect of metformin on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and RCTs , The Evidence: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): OCT - DEC
- Amaljith A B, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sarath Lekamwasam, Adnan Kisa, Ashish Behera, Preetha S, Praveen Bharath Saravanan, Pankaj B Shah, Subarna Sinha Mahapatra, Gopi Kumbha, Vishaal P, Swathika N. Rama , Noor ul Baddar, Denny Mathew John, Vineeth Rajagopal, Prevalence of fall and its associated factors among elderly population in India: Evidence from the Longitudinal Aging Study of India (LASI) , The Evidence: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024): APR - JUN
- AB Amaljith, Debankur Dey, Mirza Adil Beig, Mithun Mohan George , Dipanshu Aggarwal , Pavan Kumar , Sai Mahesh Vajjala, Aditi Pal, Tanya Gupta, Suneeti Kanyari S , Vineeth Rajagopal, Anemia, a risk factor for gastroenteritis among the elderly in India: evidence from the LASI cohort , The Evidence: Vol. 2 No. 3 (2024): JUL - SEP
- Vansh Maheshwari, Parul Chawla Gupta, Hashem Abu Serhan, Dipanshu Aggarwal, Ram Sumit, Gopi Kumbha, Neha Bajwa, Prevalence and determinants of vision problems among community-dwelling older adults with diabetes: evidence from longitudinal ageing study in India (2017-18) , The Evidence: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024): APR - JUN
