Introduction
The COVID-19 global health crisis, as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO), has significantly affected healthcare systems and public health worldwide, with over 769 million cases reported by December 6, 2022 [1-2]. The rapid evolution of COVID-19 into a critical public health emergency, especially in the absence of initial effective treatments, led to its widespread transmission. One notable challenge during this pandemic has been its amplified impact on patients with existing cardiovascular conditions [1].
Research has identified a potential association between COVID-19 and various comorbidities. Particularly at risk are older individuals with pre-existing health conditions, as emphasized by several studies [3-5]. Among the most prevalent comorbidities in COVID-19 patients are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension [6]. The connection between COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), is a significant concern [7].
As the pandemic's severity escalated, its effects on mortality and morbidity, including a range of complications, became more evident. The pandemic's impact extended to the emergence of cardiac issues alongside respiratory distress. Studies have consistently reported increased cardiovascular conditions coinciding with COVID-19 case surges [6-8]. Observational studies globally have noted that In COVID-19 patients, especially those in Intensive Care Units (ICU), there is a notable occurrence of coagulation and thrombotic events [11]. These studies have underscored the complexity of recovery for patients with pre-existing cardiac problems such as heart failure , CAD, stroke, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction [9]. Notably, cardiovascular injuries, including myocardial infarction in COVID-19 patients, have been linked to increased mortality risks [10]. Even in patients without a prior cardiac history, instances of heart failure and inflammatory responses have been observed [12]. The exacerbation of cardiovascular complications due to SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a link to higher mortality rates [13]. The presence of heart failure or prior heart failure incidents further complicates the management and prognosis of patients with CAD [14, 15].
Given these concerns, our research aims to assess the overall prevalence of CAD in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, highlighting a critical aspect of the pandemic's impact on public health.
Materials & Methods
The Protocol of this systematic review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), bearing the registration number CRD42022367501.
Search strategy and selection criteria
A literature search across several databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, EBSCO Host, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed. Additionally, we extended our search to include pre-print servers such as BioRN, SSRN, ChiRxiv, ChiRN, arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv. To enhance the scope of our study, we meticulously reviewed references from the selected articles and other relevant review papers to identify new studies meeting our criteria. Our search strategy employed key phrases such as 'coronary disease' and 'COVID-19', along with their synonyms. We utilized MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms and applied wildcard asterisks to capture relevant variations in the study titles [Table S1]. For efficient citation management and to streamline the review process, we utilized Mendeley Desktop V1.19.5 software. This tool was instrumental in organizing the articles, eliminating duplicate entries, and facilitating a smooth review workflow.
Data extraction and management
The process of article screening for inclusion in our study was individually undertaken by two authors, NA and NCG. Whenever there were disagreements between the two co-authors about including an article, they engaged in discussions to reach a consensus. If these primary reviewers were unable to agree on the eligibility of a specific publication, they consulted a third co-author, MAS, for an additional evaluation. During this process, we identified five articles relevant to our research topic. For each article, we meticulously collected comprehensive information, including the author(s) names, the study's geographic location, publication year, number of COVID-19 cases, the incidence of CAD cases, the study design, and other relevant data. We systematically organized this data into a table for extraction, using Microsoft Excel to enable efficient analysis. Additionally,